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Bone marrow failure in both children and adults can be either inherited or acquired. Inherited bone marrow failure is often the cause in young children, while older children and adults may acquire the disease later in life. [3] Acquired bone marrow failure may be due to aplastic anemia [4] or myelodysplastic syndrome.
Myelophthisic anemia (or myelophthisis) is a severe type of anemia found in some people with diseases that affect the bone marrow. Myelophthisis refers to the displacement of hemopoietic bone-marrow tissue [1] by fibrosis, tumors, or granulomas. The word comes from the roots myelo-, which refers to bone marrow, and phthisis, shrinkage or atrophy.
One known cause is an autoimmune disorder in which white blood cells attack the bone marrow. [2] Acquired aplastic anemia is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease, in which regulatory T cells are decreased and T-bet , a transcription factor and key regulator of Th1 development and function, is upregulated in affected T-cells.
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. [2] In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). [3] It is composed of hematopoietic cells, marrow adipose tissue, and supportive stromal cells.
Causes of decreased production include iron deficiency, folate deficiency, vitamin B 12 deficiency, thalassemia and a number of bone marrow tumors. [1] Causes of increased breakdown include genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia, infections such as malaria, and certain autoimmune diseases like autoimmune hemolytic anemia. [1]
Some types of MDS cause an increase in the production of immature blood cells (called blasts), in the bone marrow or blood. [3] The different types of MDS are identified based on the specific characteristics of the changes in the blood cells and bone marrow. [3]
The cause of CAMT is believed to be mutations in the MPL gene coding for thrombopoietin receptor, which is expressed in pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and cells of the megakaryocyte lineage. [1] CAMT is diagnosed by a bone marrow biopsy and is often initially suspected to be fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. [3]
Because the bone marrow is the manufacturing center of blood cells, the suppression of bone marrow activity causes a deficiency of blood cells. This condition can rapidly lead to life-threatening infection , as the body cannot produce leukocytes in response to invading bacteria and viruses , as well as leading to anaemia due to a lack of red ...