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A generalization of the notion of a set is that of a multiset or bag, which is similar to a set but allows repeated ("equal") values (duplicates). This is used in two distinct senses: either equal values are considered identical, and are simply counted, or equal values are considered equivalent, and are stored as distinct items. For example ...
SNOBOL4 stands apart from most programming languages by having patterns as a first-class data type (i.e. a data type whose values can be manipulated in all ways permitted to any other data type in the programming language) and by providing operators for pattern concatenation and alternation. Strings generated during execution can be treated as ...
A regular expression (shortened as regex or regexp), [1] sometimes referred to as rational expression, [2] [3] is a sequence of characters that specifies a match pattern in text. ...
Counting sort is applicable when each input is known to belong to a particular set, S, of possibilities. The algorithm runs in O(|S| + n) time and O(|S|) memory where n is the length of the input. It works by creating an integer array of size |S| and using the ith bin to count the occurrences of the ith member of S in the input. Each input is ...
Similarly in all .NET languages stops after the shortest list ends CFML: obj.map(func) Where obj is an array or a structure. func receives as arguments each item's value, its index or key, and a reference to the original object. Clojure (map func list) (map func list1 list2) (map func list1 list2...) stops after the shortest list ends D: list ...
A rolling hash is a hash function specially designed to enable this operation. A trivial (but not very good) rolling hash function just adds the values of each character in the substring. This rolling hash formula can compute the next hash value from the previous value in constant time: s[i+1..i+m] = s[i..i+m-1] - s[i] + s[i+m]
A unique value with unexplained meaning or multiple occurrences which could (preferably) be replaced with a named constant; A constant numerical or text value used to identify a file format or protocol (for files, see List of file signatures)
In some cases this is importing the exported functionality of a library, package or module but some mechanisms are simpler text file include operations. Import can be classified by level (module, package, class, procedure,...) and by syntax (directive name, attributes,...). File include