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A 4-drum delayed coking unit in a petroleum refinery. A delayed coker is a type of coker whose process consists of heating a residual oil feed to its thermal cracking temperature in a furnace with multiple parallel passes. This cracks the heavy, long chain hydrocarbon molecules of the residual oil into coker gas oil and petroleum coke. [1] [2] [3]
There are three types of cokers used in oil refineries: delayed coker, fluid coker and flexicoker. [2] [3] The one that is by far the most commonly used is the delayed coker. The schematic flow diagram below depicts a typical delayed coker: A typical schematic flow diagram of a delayed coking unit
A delayed coking unit.A schematic flow diagram of such a unit, where residual oil enters the process at the lower left (see →), proceeds via pumps to the main fractionator (tall column at right), the residue of which, shown in green, is pumped via a furnace into the coke drums (two columns left and center) where the final carbonization takes ...
A coke oven at a smokeless fuel plant, Abercwmboi, South Wales, 1976. The industrial production of coke from coal is called coking. The coal is baked in an airless kiln, a "coke furnace" or "coking oven", at temperatures as high as 2,000 °C (3,600 °F) but usually around 1,000–1,100 °C (1,800–2,000 °F). [2]
Coking units (delayed coker, fluid coker, and flexicoker) process very heavy residual oils into gasoline and diesel fuel, leaving petroleum coke as a residual product. Alkylation unit uses sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid to produce high-octane components for gasoline blending.
A quantity of sample is weighed, placed in a crucible, and subjected to destructive distillation. During a fixed period of severe heating, the residue undergoes cracking and coking reactions . At the termination of the heating period, the crucible containing the carbonaceous residue is cooled in a desiccator and weighed.
A modern coking plant: the Carbonaria plant in Duisburg–Schwelgern, operated by ThyssenKrupp since 2003. ArcelorMittal's Prosper coking plant in Bottrop with its chimney and low-pressure gasometer (Thyssen construction). A coking factory or a coking plant is where coke and manufactured gas are synthesized from coal using a dry distillation ...
A typical fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refinery. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products.