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Where t is the solidification time, V is the volume of the casting, A is the surface area of the casting that contacts the mold, n is a constant, [clarification needed] and B is the mold constant. This relationship can be expressed more simply as: = Where the modulus M is the ratio of the casting's volume to its surface area:
For example, if water is mixed with a tiny amount of surfactants (for example, hand soap), the bulk water may be 99% water molecules and 1% soap molecules, but the topmost surface of the water may be 50% water molecules and 50% soap molecules. In this case, the soap has a large and positive "surface excess".
Zinc stearate is a "zinc soap" that is widely used industrially. In this context, soap is used in its formal sense, a metal salt of a fatty acid: in this case stearic acid.It is a white solid that repels water.
Calcium stearate is produced by heating stearic acid and calcium oxide: . 2 C 17 H 35 COOH + CaO → (C 17 H 35 COO) 2 Ca + H 2 O. It is also the main component of soap scum, a white solid that forms when soap is mixed with hard water.
Close up of mold on a strawberry Penicillium mold growing on a clementine. A mold (US, PH) or mould (UK, CW) is one of the structures that certain fungi can form. The dust-like, colored appearance of molds is due to the formation of spores containing fungal secondary metabolites. The spores are the dispersal units of the fungi.
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