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Glycogenesis responds to hormonal control. One of the main forms of control is the varied phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase. This is regulated by enzymes under the control of hormonal activity, which is in turn regulated by many factors.
Glycogen synthase (UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase) is a key enzyme in glycogenesis, the conversion of glucose into glycogen. It is a glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.11) that catalyses the reaction of UDP-glucose and (1,4-α-D-glucosyl) n to yield UDP and (1,4-α-D-glucosyl) n+1.
1,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme, also known as brancher enzyme or glycogen-branching enzyme is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GBE1 gene. [ 5 ] Glycogen branching enzyme is an enzyme that adds branches to the growing glycogen molecule during the synthesis of glycogen , a storage form of glucose .
Glycogen debranching enzyme is the only known eukaryotic enzyme that contains multiple catalytic sites and is active as a monomer. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Some studies have shown that the C-terminal half of yeast GDE is associated with glucosidase activity, while the N-terminal half is associated with glucosyltransferase activity. [ 19 ]
The enzyme glycogenin (GYG) is needed to create initial short glycogen chains, which are lengthened and branched by the other enzymes of glycogenesis. Once eight glucose have been added to the glycogen chain, then glycogen synthase (GYS) can bind to the growing glycogen chain and add UDP-glucose to lengthen the glucogen chain.
UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase is an enzyme found in all three domains (bacteria, eukarya, and archaea) as it is a key player in glycogenesis and cell wall synthesis. Its role in sugar metabolism has been studied extensively in plants in order to understand plant growth and increase agricultural production.
Glycogen phosphorylase is one of the phosphorylase enzymes (EC 2.4.1.1).Glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in glycogenolysis in animals by releasing glucose-1-phosphate from the terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond.
Increased levels of glucagon activates the enzymes that catalyze glycogenolysis, and inhibits the enzymes that catalyze glycogenesis. [15] Conversely, glycogenesis is enhanced and glycogenolysis inhibited when there are high levels of insulin in the blood. [15]