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Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil, usually having a non-physiological cause, [3] or sometimes a physiological pupillary response. [4] Non-physiological causes of mydriasis include disease, trauma, or the use of certain types of drugs.
Tropicamide, sold under the brand name Mydriacyl among others, is a medication used to dilate the pupil and help with examination of the eye. [3] Specifically it is used to help examine the back of the eye. [4] It is applied as eye drops. [3] Effects occur within 40 minutes and last for up to a day. [3]
Conversely, hypertension or tachycardia can be treated with short-acting antihypertensive drugs such as nitroprusside or esmolol; longer acting drugs such as propranolol should be avoided as they may lead to hypotension and shock. [6] The cause of serotonin toxicity or accumulation is an important factor in determining the course of treatment.
Symptoms may include elevated body temperature, blurred vision, dilated pupils, sleepiness, confusion, seizures, rapid heart rate, and cardiac arrest. [1] If symptoms have not occurred within six hours of exposure they are unlikely to occur. [2] TCA overdose may occur by accident or purposefully in an attempt to cause death. [2]
It is commonly used as an eye drop during pediatric eye examinations to dilate the eye and prevent the eye from focusing/accommodating (cycloplegic). Cyclopentolate [citation needed] or atropine can also be administered to reverse muscarinic and central nervous system effects of indirect cholinomimetic (anti-AChase) administration.
Application of hydroxyamphetamine to the eye can indicate whether the lesion is preganglionic or postganglionic based on the pupil's response. If the pupil dilates, the lesion is preganglionic. If the pupil does not dilate, the lesion is postganglionic. [7] Hydroxyamphetamine has some limitations to its use as a diagnostic tool.
Spasm of accommodation is frequently resistant to treatment. However, some patients do find relief through the use of daily eye dilation with cycloplegic drops. One side effect of cycloplegic drops is that they often have BAK as a preservative ingredient, which, with daily use, can erode the tear shield:
All cycloplegics are also mydriatic (pupil dilating) agents and are used as such during eye examination to better visualize the retina. When cycloplegic drugs are used as a mydriatic to dilate the pupil, the pupil in the normal eye regains its function when the drugs are metabolized or carried away.