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Here the capacitance of capacitor C1 is multiplied by approximately the transistor's current gain (β). Without Q, R2 would be the load on the capacitor. With Q in place, the loading imposed upon C1 is simply the load current reduced by a factor of (β + 1). Consequently, C1 appears multiplied by a factor of (β + 1) when viewed by the load.
In August 1981, the analog equivalent of the first program, Circuit Designer and Simulator, was released. Its integrated text editor created circuit descriptions for a simple, linear, analog simulator. September 1982 saw the release of the first Micro-Cap package as a successor to the Circuit Designer and Simulator. 1982 Micro-Cap; 1984 Micro-Cap 2
Mixed-mode simulation is handled on three levels: with primitive digital elements that use timing models and the built-in 12 or 16 state digital logic simulator, with subcircuit models that use the actual transistor topology of the integrated circuit, and finally, with inline Boolean logic expressions.
This way up to 48 white LEDs in series can be powered (for example, 3.1 V/20 mA/20000 mcd). Analyzing the circuit of the lamp shown in the image, at 50 Hz, the 1.2 μF capacitor has a reactance of 2.653 kΩ. By Ohm's law, the current is limited to 240 V/2653 Ω ≈ 90 mA, assuming that voltage and frequency remain constant. The LEDs are ...
The following table is split into two groups based on whether it has a graphical visual interface or not. The latter requires a separate program to provide that feature, such as Qucs-S, [1] Oregano, [2] or a schematic design application that supports external simulators, such as KiCad or gEDA.
At this stage both devices and circuits were specific to the targeted simulator or specific versions thereof. [2] In particular, neither was Qucsator based on SPICE, nor did a SPICE based simulator replace Qucsator at any given time. In the meantime, Qucs has been forked to accommodate specific needs, most notably Caneda and Qucs-S.
Capacitors are connected in parallel with the DC power circuits of most electronic devices to smooth current fluctuations for signal or control circuits. Audio equipment, for example, uses several capacitors in this way, to shunt away power line hum before it gets into the signal circuitry.
The simplest switched-capacitor (SC) circuit is made of one capacitor and two switches S 1 and S 2 which alternatively connect the capacitor to either in or out at a switching frequency of . Recall that Ohm's law can express the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance as: