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Ruthenium red, [ (NH 3) 5 Ru-O-Ru (NH 3) 4 -O-Ru (NH 3) 5] 6+, is a biological stain used to stain polyanionic molecules such as pectin and nucleic acids for light microscopy and electron microscopy. [64] The beta-decaying isotope 106 of ruthenium is used in radiotherapy of eye tumors, mainly malignant melanomas of the uvea. [65]
In chemistry and physics, valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outermost shell is not closed. In a single covalent bond, a shared pair forms with both atoms in the bond each contributing one valence electron. The presence of valence electrons can ...
Naturally occurring ruthenium (44 Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes (of which two may in the future be found radioactive). Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are 106 Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; 103 Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and 97 Ru, with a half-life of 2 ...
This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. For phosphorus (element 15) as an example, the concise form is [Ne] 3s 2 3p 3.
Octet rule. The bonding in carbon dioxide (CO 2): all atoms are surrounded by 8 electrons, fulfilling the octet rule. The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a ...
Electron counting. In chemistry, electron counting is a formalism for assigning a number of valence electrons to individual atoms in a molecule. It is used for classifying compounds and for explaining or predicting their electronic structure and bonding. [1] Many rules in chemistry rely on electron-counting:
[Ru 2 (OAc) 4 Cl] n is a coordination polymer that is also mixed-valence (Ru(II)Ru(III)). Mixed-valence compounds are subdivided into three groups, according to the Robin–Day classification: [3] Class I, where the valences are trapped—localized on a single site—such as Pb 3 O 4 and antimony tetroxide. There are distinct sites with ...
primordial element. synthetic element. Group 8 is a group (column) of chemical elements in the periodic table. It consists of iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os) and hassium (Hs). [1] ". Group 8" is the modern standard designation for this group, adopted by the IUPAC in 1990. [1] It should not be confused with "group VIIIA" in the CAS system ...