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Encounters between males and males or females and females are agonistic, while an encounter between a male and female leads to courtship. [79] Courtship in male cichlids follows the establishment of some form of territory, sometimes coupled with building a bower to attract mates.
A male and female establish a temporary monogamous pair bond and spawn. The female mouthbroods the eggs and young with no direct assistance from the male, so after spawning, the male is free to pair bond with other females. [3] T. moorii broods show genetic monogamy, with all eggs having been fertilized by a single male. [6]
Convict cichlids are serially monogamous, so pair bonds may form first before they establish a territory together, or the male and female may each obtain a territory before pairing with each other. [39] Because the convict cichlids are also substrate-brooding, this territory will include a breeding site for the deposition of eggs. [40]
A female and her offspring. The cockatoo dwarf is one of the best suited cichlid species for the planted aquarium. But because the male is highly territorial, the fish should be kept in pairs, trios (one male with two females), or harems (one male with many females), and in the company of peaceful tankmates like tetras. In the case of very ...
Sexual dimorphism is limited, though male jewel cichlids are typically more brightly coloured and in some species have more pointed anal, ventral and dorsal fins. In some species, such as Hemichromis cristatus, the females can have coloring as bright as the males. Like most cichlids, jewel cichlids have highly developed brood care.
The sex of the fish is often unclear until it reaches adult size, at which point the size difference between the genders becomes pronounced. Breeders often attempt to pair the fish without sexing them; two females may pair up in which case the fish lay eggs that never hatch. Once a male-female pair is found, they tend to yield 150–200 ...
The mating habits of the cichlid are tied to the monogamous nature of the fish. The competitive pairs always consist of a larger male and a smaller female. [6] These pairs travel long distances between the months of March and August to mate and aggressively defend their mating sites against other pairs of cichlids. [5] [7]
Female with newly free-swimming fry A male. The species is similar in profile to the larger geophagine cichlids. Maximum size is about 8 cm (3 in). [8] The head and front half of the body is yellow, fading to olive-grey at the rear.