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is used. This well-known method was published by the German mathematician Wilhelm Kutta in 1901, after Karl Heun had found a three-step one-step method of order 3 a year earlier. [19] The construction of explicit methods of even higher order with the smallest possible number of steps is a mathematically quite demanding problem.
As an example, consider the gas-phase reaction NO 2 + CO → NO + CO 2.If this reaction occurred in a single step, its reaction rate (r) would be proportional to the rate of collisions between NO 2 and CO molecules: r = k[NO 2][CO], where k is the reaction rate constant, and square brackets indicate a molar concentration.
The solution is to make the slope greater by some amount. Heun's Method considers the tangent lines to the solution curve at both ends of the interval, one which overestimates, and one which underestimates the ideal vertical coordinates. A prediction line must be constructed based on the right end point tangent's slope alone, approximated using ...
Single-step methods (such as Euler's method) refer to only one previous point and its derivative to determine the current value. Methods such as Runge–Kutta take some intermediate steps (for example, a half-step) to obtain a higher order method, but then discard all previous information before taking a second step. Multistep methods attempt ...
Ernst Hairer, Syvert Paul Nørsett and Gerhard Wanner, Solving ordinary differential equations I: Nonstiff problems, second edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1993. ISBN 3-540-56670-8. Ernst Hairer and Gerhard Wanner, Solving ordinary differential equations II: Stiff and differential-algebraic problems, second edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1996.
If an equation can be put into the form f(x) = x, and a solution x is an attractive fixed point of the function f, then one may begin with a point x 1 in the basin of attraction of x, and let x n+1 = f(x n) for n ≥ 1, and the sequence {x n} n ≥ 1 will converge to the solution x.