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  2. Benchmark (surveying) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benchmark_(surveying)

    An Ordnance Survey cut mark in the UK Occasionally a non-vertical face, and a slightly different mark, was used. The term benchmark, bench mark, or survey benchmark originates from the chiseled horizontal marks that surveyors made in stone structures, into which an angle iron could be placed to form a "bench" for a leveling rod, thus ensuring that a leveling rod could be accurately ...

  3. Survey marker - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_marker

    Survey markers, also called survey marks, survey monuments, or geodetic marks, are objects placed to mark key survey points on the Earth's surface. They are used in geodetic and land surveying . A benchmark is a type of survey marker that indicates elevation ( vertical position ).

  4. Reduced level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_level

    National survey departments of each country determine RLs of significantly important locations or points. These points are called permanent benchmarks and this survey process is known as Great Trigonometrical Surveying (GTS). The permanent benchmarks act as reference points for determining RLs of other locations in a particular country. [4] [5 ...

  5. Glossary of levelling terms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_levelling_terms

    Benchmark (surveying) – fixed reference point of known elevation with respect to which RL of other points is determined. Benchmarks can be arbitrary or permanent, the former is used for calculation of reduced levels for small survey works and the latter is used to calculate the elevations of significantly important locations and points.

  6. Level (optical instrument) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(optical_instrument)

    After careful setup of the level, the height of the crosshairs is determined by either sighting from a known benchmark with known height determined by a previous survey or an arbitrary point with an assumed height is used. Sighting is done with an assistant surveyor who holds a graduated staff vertical at the point under measurement. The ...

  7. North American Vertical Datum of 1988 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Vertical...

    Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936: SK-42: Systema Koordinat 1942 goda: ED50: European Datum 1950: SAD69: South American Datum 1969: GRS 80: Geodetic Reference System 1980: ISO 6709: Geographic point coord. 1983: NAD 83: North American Datum 1983: WGS 84: World Geodetic System 1984: NAVD 88: N. American Vertical Datum 1988: ETRS89: European ...

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  9. Levelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levelling

    The other standard method of levelling in construction and surveying is called trigonometric levelling, which is preferred when levelling "out" to a number of points from one stationary point. This is done by using a total station , or any other instrument to read the vertical, or zenith angle to the rod, and the change in elevation is ...