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Aquamarine is a pale-blue to light-green variety of the beryl family, [2] with its name relating to water and sea. [3] The color of aquamarine can be changed by heat, with a goal to enhance its physical appearance (though this practice is frowned upon by collectors and jewelers). [4] It is the birth stone of March. [5]
The deep blue version of aquamarine is called maxixe [19] (pronounced mah-she-she). [20] Its color results from a radiation-induced color center. [21] Faceted aquamarine. The pale blue color of aquamarine is attributed to Fe 2+. Fe 3+ ions produce golden-yellow color, and when both Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ are present, the color is a darker blue as in ...
In soils, clay is a soil textural class and is defined in a physical sense as any mineral particle less than 2 μm (8 × 10 −5 in) in effective diameter. Many soil minerals, such as gypsum , carbonates, or quartz, are small enough to be classified as clay based on their physical size, but chemically they do not afford the same utility as do ...
Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as ...
Corundum group minerals have a 2:3 ratio, and includes minerals such as corundum (Al 2 O 3), and hematite (Fe 2 O 3). Rutile group minerals have a ratio of 1:2; the eponymous species, rutile (TiO 2) is the chief ore of titanium; other examples include cassiterite (SnO 2; ore of tin), and pyrolusite (MnO 2; ore of manganese).
The most common mineral inclusion in peridot is the chromium-rich mineral chromite. Magnesium-rich minerals also can exist in the form of pyrope and magnesiochromite. These two types of mineral inclusions are typically surrounded "lily-pad" cleavages. Biotite flakes appear flat, brown, translucent, and tabular. [16]
Heavy minerals (dark) in a quartz beach sand (Chennai, India). Heavy mineral sands are a class of ore deposit which is an important source of zirconium , titanium , thorium , tungsten , rare-earth elements , the industrial minerals diamond , sapphire , garnet , and occasionally precious metals or gemstones .
Mineral physics is the science of materials that compose the interior of planets, particularly the Earth. It overlaps with petrophysics , which focuses on whole-rock properties. It provides information that allows interpretation of surface measurements of seismic waves , gravity anomalies , geomagnetic fields and electromagnetic fields in terms ...