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Social perception (or interpersonal perception) is the study of how people form impressions of and make inferences about other people as sovereign personalities. [1] Social perception refers to identifying and utilizing social cues to make judgments about social roles, rules, relationships, context, or the characteristics (e.g., trustworthiness) of others.
According to the looking-glass self, how you see yourself depends on how you think others perceive you. The term looking-glass self was created by American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley in 1902, [1] and introduced into his work Human Nature and the Social Order. It is described as our reflection of how we think we appear to others. [2]
For example, the impact of behavior-object Evaluation consistency was much smaller in Germany than in the United States, Canada, or Japan, suggesting that moral judgments of actors have a somewhat different basis in Germany than in the other cultures. Additionally, impression-formation processes involved some unique interactions in each culture.
Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the behavior or perception of others through abusive, deceptive, or underhanded tactics. [14] By advancing the interests of the manipulator, often at another's expense, such methods could be considered exploitative, abusive, devious, and deceptive.
For example, trustworthiness and attractiveness were the two traits most quickly detected and evaluated in a study of human faces. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] People are fairly good at assessing personality traits of others in general, but there appears to be a difference in first impression judgments between older and younger adults.
Cooley as a young man. Charles Horton Cooley was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on August 17, 1864, to Mary Elizabeth Horton and Thomas M. Cooley.Thomas Cooley was the Supreme Court Judge for the state of Michigan, and he was one of the first three faculty members to found the University of Michigan Law School in 1859.
Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Stuart Hall for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience.
In social psychology, social projection is the psychological process through which an individual expects behaviors or attitudes of others to be similar to their own. Social projection occurs between individuals as well as across ingroup and outgroup contexts in a variety of domains. [1]