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Social perception (or interpersonal perception) is the study of how people form impressions of and make inferences about other people as sovereign personalities. [1] Social perception refers to identifying and utilizing social cues to make judgments about social roles, rules, relationships, context, or the characteristics (e.g., trustworthiness) of others.
According to the looking-glass self, how you see yourself depends on how you think others perceive you. The term looking-glass self was created by American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley in 1902, [1] and introduced into his work Human Nature and the Social Order. It is described as our reflection of how we think we appear to others. [2]
Free response is an experimental method frequently used in impression formation research. The participant (or perceiver) is presented with a stimulus (usually a short vignette or a list of personality descriptors such as assured, talkative, cold, etc.) and then instructed to briefly sketch his or her impressions of the type of person described.
Psychological manipulation is a type of social influence that aims to change the behavior or perception of others through abusive, deceptive, or underhanded tactics. [14] By advancing the interests of the manipulator, often at another's expense, such methods could be considered exploitative, abusive, devious, and deceptive.
Research has shown that when no information is available for an individual to create a social comparison, individuals tend to believe that others will generally agree with their positions. [6] This concept holds true for several other attitudinal measures. For example, in relationships people tend to project their own attitudes onto their partner.
In this context, "implicit" is taken to mean "automatic". It is a common belief that much of the process of social perception actually is automated. [5] For example, it is possible for a person to experience automatic thought processes, and for those processes occur without that person's intention or awareness of their occurrence. [6]
By utilizing such behaviors, those who partake in impression management are able to control others' perception of them or events pertaining to them. Impression management is possible in nearly any situation, such as in sports (wearing flashy clothes or trying to impress fans with their skills), or on social media (only sharing positive posts).
For example, in their 2009 meta-analysis of Selective Exposure Theory, Hart et al. reported that "A 2004 survey by The Pew Research Center for the People & the Press (2006) found that Republicans are about 1.5 times more likely to report watching Fox News regularly than are Democrats (34% for Republicans and 20% of Democrats).