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Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection with Epstein–Barr virus and a history of the disease in the family. [1] Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas include autoimmune diseases, HIV/AIDS, infection with human T-lymphotropic virus, immunosuppressant medications, and some pesticides.
Given the success of the IPI for intermediate grade lymphomas, an effort was undertaken to develop a similar prognostic index for the most common low-grade lymphoma, follicular lymphoma. The prognostic factors that emerged from this were: age, stage, number of lymph node areas involved, serum hemoglobin level, and serum LDH.
This risk factor elevates the risk of contracting T-cell lymphoma. [2] Several infectious agents have been linked to a higher risk of T-cell lymphoma by providing a compromised immune function allowing the establishment of lymphomas. Of these, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV1) are considered established risks. [8]
The estimated lifetime risk of ATL among people with HTLV-1 infection is approximately 5%, while that of HAM/TSP is approximately 2%. [1] [2] [3] In 1977, Adult T-cell lymphoma (ATL) was first described in a case series of individuals from Japan. [4] The symptoms of ATL were different from other lymphomas known at the time.
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is one of the most common forms of blood cancer.1 The American Cancer Society estimates that about 81,560 people in the U.S. will be diagnosed with NHL and about ...
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL or ATLL) is a rare cancer of the immune system's T-cells [1] [2] [3] caused by human T cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus type 1 (). [4] All ATL cells contain integrated HTLV-1 provirus further supporting that causal role of the virus in the cause of the neoplasm. [4]
Aggressive lymphoma, also known as high-grade lymphoma, is a group of fast growing non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [1]There are several subtypes of aggressive lymphoma. These include AIDS-associated lymphoma, angioimmunoblastic lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. [1]
Estimates place the worldwide risk of cancers from infectious causes at 16.1%. [1] Viral infections are risk factors for cervical cancer, 80% of liver cancers, and 15–20% of the other cancers. [2] This proportion varies in different regions of the world from a high of 32.7% in Sub-Saharan Africa to 3.3% in Australia and New Zealand. [1]
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