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The Dolch word list is a list of frequently used English words (also known as sight words), compiled by Edward William Dolch, a major proponent of the "whole-word" method of beginning reading instruction. The list was first published in a journal article in 1936 [1] and then published in his book Problems in Reading in 1948. [2]
Small books containing a combination of text and illustrations are then provided to educators for each level. [3] While young children display a wide distribution of reading skills, each level is tentatively associated with a school grade. Some schools adopt target reading levels for their pupils.
Dysarthria is a speech sound disorder resulting from neurological injury of the motor component of the motor–speech system [1] and is characterized by poor articulation of phonemes. [2] It is a condition in which problems effectively occur with the muscles that help produce speech, often making it very difficult to pronounce words.
Children with this disorder have difficulty understanding words and sentences. This impairment is classified by deficiencies in expressive and receptive language development that is not attributed to sensory deficits, nonverbal intellectual deficits, a neurological condition, environmental deprivation or psychiatric impairments.
Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that results from a neurological injury. Neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and progressive supranuclear palsy frequently transpire in association with dysarthria. [6] Some stem from central damage, while other stem from peripheral nerve damage.
The most common types of dysprosody are associated with dysarthria and developmental coordination disorder, which affect motor processing in speech. Among the most studied types are: Flaccid dysarthria is characterized by little control over pitch and voice volume, reduced speech rate, and impaired voice quality
There are two types of Apraxia. Developmental (or Childhood Apraxia of speech) or acquired Apraxia. Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a neurological childhood speech sound disorder that involves impaired precision and consistency of movements required for speech production without any neuromuscular deficits (ASHA, 2007a, Definitions of CAS section, para. 1).
Dysarthria is a weakness or paralysis of speech muscles caused by damage to the nerves or brain. Dysarthria is often caused by strokes, Parkinson's disease, [9] ALS, head or neck injuries, surgical accident, or cerebral palsy. Aphasia; Dysprosody is an extremely rare neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by alterations in intensity ...