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Cardiac markers are used for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome and for management and prognosis in patients with diseases like acute heart failure. Most of the early markers identified were enzymes, and as a result, the term "cardiac enzymes" is sometimes used. However, not ...
The diagnosis of myocardial infarction requires two out of three components (history, ECG, and enzymes). When damage to the heart occurs, levels of cardiac markers rise over time, which is why blood tests for them are taken over a 24-hour period. Because these enzyme levels are not elevated immediately following a heart attack, patients ...
Lifelong treatment and monitoring is often necessary for glucose control. Glucose levels should be maintained at 90 to 130 mg/dL and HbA1c at less than 7%. [7] Medical treatment includes use of insulin and/or other medications to control glucose levels. Monitoring for end organ damage complications is recommended on guidelines by different ...
less than 80. Elevated blood pressure. 120 to 129. less than 80. Hypertension stage 1. 130 to 139. 80 to 89. Hypertension stage 2. 140 or higher. 90 or higher. Hypertensive crisis. 180 or higher ...
Mortality is between 40–80% 10 years post-diagnosis. [9] The prognosis of alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) varies depending on the severity of the condition, the extent of heart muscle damage, and the response to treatment. Without treatment, ACM can progress to severe heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. [10]
Treatment aims to preserve as much heart muscle as possible, and to prevent further complications. [28] Treatment depends on whether the myocardial infarction is a STEMI or NSTEMI. [72] Treatment in general aims to unblock blood vessels, reduce blood clot enlargement, reduce ischemia, and modify risk factors with the aim of preventing future ...
“Elevated PSA levels can be an indicator of prostate issues, including cancer,” Dr. Spratt. Men without prostate cancer typically have PSA levels of under 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL ...
ECHO assesses cardiac ventricular size, wall thickness, systolic and diastolic function, and outflow obstruction. Thus, ECHO has been chosen as an ideal means to detect excessive wall thickening of cardiac muscle in HCM. [66] For children with HCM, treatment strategies aim to reduce disease symptoms and lower the risk of sudden death. [68]