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Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
In the natural hospital setting, nurses were ordered by unknown doctors to administer what could have been a dangerous dose of a (fictional) drug to their patients. In spite of official guidelines forbidding administration in such circumstances, Hofling found that 21 out of the 22 nurses would have given the patient an overdose of medicine. [2]
Wrong drug. This could occur when a patient is given medication that does not treat the patient's condition. Ex. A heart medication to treat an infection. [7] Dose too low. This could occur when a patient is given medication that is not strong enough to get beneficial or therapeutic effects. [7] Dose too high. This could occur when a patient is ...
As the drug is delivered to the site of action extremely rapidly with IV injection, there is a risk of overdose if the dose has been calculated incorrectly, and there is an increased risk of side effects if the drug is administered too rapidly. [25]
In drug development, serious adverse event (SAE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence during a human drug trial that at any dose Results in death; Is life-threatening; Requires inpatient hospitalization or causes prolongation of existing hospitalization; Results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity
An example of a drug where first-pass metabolism is a complication and disadvantage is in the antiviral drug remdesivir. Remdesivir cannot be administered orally because the entire dose would be trapped in the liver with little achieving systemic circulation or reaching target organs and cells (for example, cells infected with SARS-CoV-2).
These side effects are generally mild and last no more than a few days at most. Rarely, nerves or blood vessels around the injection site can be damaged, resulting in severe pain or paralysis. If proper technique is not followed, intramuscular injections can result in localized infections such as abscesses and gangrene. While historically ...
Administration can take place via enteral administration (absorption of the drug through the gastrointestinal tract) [2] or parenteral administration (generally injection, infusion, or implantation). [3] [4] Contrast with topical administration where the effect is generally local. [4]