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The initial New Public Management (NPM) reforms implemented in Anglo-Saxon countries inspired reforms across the world. [9] These reforms, which were triggered and motivated by a variety of factors and resulted in the development of various models, led to the emergence of a global NPM trend. [10]
Given the ideas of New Public Management—and the fact that service quality is no longer measured by the authority but by the beneficiary—administrative units have been encouraged to take account of the relational aspects of the exchange, and apply the corresponding tools for measuring service quality and the satisfaction of beneficiaries.
The new public administration (NPA) is a perspective in public administration that emerged in the late 20th century, focusing on more collaborative and citizen-centric approach. It emphasizes responsiveness to public needs, community involvement, and the integration of management and social science principles in public sector decision-making.
Product placement is paying a movie studio or television show to include a product or service prominently in the movie or show. [1] Digital marketing is the marketing of products or services using digital technologies, mainly on the Internet, but also including mobile phones, display advertising, and any other digital medium. [7] [8]
Service innovations fall into two categories: Radical innovations: which are the services, systems or proposals that did not exist before. Incremental innovations: are improvements and changes in existing services. The new service development cycle (NSD) is divided into two: the planning phase and the implementation phase.
The primary elements in the promotional mix are advertising, personal selling, direct marketing and publicity/public relations. Sales promotion uses both media and non-media marketing communications for a predetermined, limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability.
Services marketing is a specialized branch of marketing which emerged as a separate field of study in the early 1980s, following the recognition that the unique characteristics of services required different strategies compared with the marketing of physical goods.
The new emphasis gives equal weight to the effects (efficiency and effectiveness) and the process (equity, fairness and sustainability) of social marketing programs. [5] Together with a new social marketing definition that focuses on social transformation, there is also an argument that "a systems approach is needed if social marketing is to ...