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[citation needed] Under the ancien régime ("old rule/old government", i.e. before the revolution), the Second Estate were exempt from the corvée royale (forced labor on the roads) and from most other forms of taxation such as the gabelle (salt tax), and most important, the taille (France's oldest form of direct taxation). This exemption from ...
The revolutions' enemies and supporters disagree over whether plots and manipulation by revolutionists, or the corruption and tyranny of the old regime are responsible for the old regime's fall. Brinton argues both are right, as both the right circumstances and active agitation are necessary for the revolution to succeed (p. 85–6).
Tocqueville argued that the aim of the French Revolution (1789–1799), while demonstrably anti-clerical, was not so much to destroy the sovereignty of religious faith as to tear down all forms of the Ancien Régime, of which the established church was a foremost symbol, nor to create a state of permanent disorder.
Majority rule or parliamentary sovereignty vs. bill of rights or arbitrary rules with separation of powers and supermajority rules to prevent tyranny of the majority and protect minority rights; Rule according to higher law (unwritten ethical principles) vs. written constitutionalism; Separation of church and state or free church vs. state religion
Allegory of the first French Republic by Antoine-Jean Gros. Symbolism in the French Revolution was the use of artistic symbols to emphasize and celebrate (or vilify) the main features of the French Revolution and promote public identification with and support for the cause.
Usually translated as The Old Regime and the French Revolution. Blanc, Louis (1847–1862). Histoire de la Révolution française. Taine, Hippolyte (1875–1893). Origines de la France contemporaine. Sorel, Albert (19 April 1895). L'Europe et la Révolution française. Introductory part translated as Europe under the Old Regime (1947).
The Ancien Regime: A History of France 1610–1774 (1999), political survey ISBN 0-6312-1196-9; Lindsay, J.O. ed. The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 7: The Old Regime, 1713-1763 (1957) online; Lynn, John A. The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (1999) ISBN 0-5820-5629-2; Mayer, Arno (2010) [1981]. The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to ...
France on the eve of the modern era (1477). The red line denotes the boundary of the French kingdom, while the light blue the royal domain. In the mid 15th century, France was significantly smaller than it is today, [a] and numerous border provinces (such as Roussillon, Cerdagne, Calais, Béarn, Navarre, County of Foix, Flanders, Artois, Lorraine, Alsace, Trois-Évêchés, Franche-Comté ...