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Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection with Epstein–Barr virus and a history of the disease in the family. [1] Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin lymphomas include autoimmune diseases, HIV/AIDS, infection with human T-lymphotropic virus, immunosuppressant medications, and some pesticides.
The familial risk of lymphoma is elevated for multiple lymphoma subtypes, suggesting a shared genetic cause. However, a family history of a specific subtype is most strongly associated with risk for that subtype, indicating that these genetic factors are subtype-specific.
Although the cause of T-cell lymphoma is not definitive, it has been associated with various risk factors and viruses such as Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV1). [2] The prognosis and treatment of T-cell lymphoma can vary drastically based on the specific type of lymphoma and its growth patterns.
The two major types of Hodgkin lymphoma are classic Hodgkin lymphoma and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. [5] About half of cases of Hodgkin lymphoma are due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and these are generally the classic form. [3] [11] Other risk factors include a family history of the condition and having HIV/AIDS.
First-degree family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, hematological malignancy, or hepatitis C infection are linked to an increased risk of indolent lymphoma. [8] There are also specific risk factors for individual subtypes. Higher body mass index (BMI) as a young adult, occupation as a spray painter, sedentary lifestyle, and high levels of ...
Estimates place the worldwide risk of cancers from infectious causes at 16.1%. [1] Viral infections are risk factors for cervical cancer, 80% of liver cancers, and 15–20% of the other cancers. [2] This proportion varies in different regions of the world from a high of 32.7% in Sub-Saharan Africa to 3.3% in Australia and New Zealand. [1]
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