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Referred pain, also called reflective pain, [1] is pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus.An example is the case of angina pectoris brought on by a myocardial infarction (heart attack), where pain is often felt in the left side of neck, left shoulder, and back rather than in the thorax (chest), the site of the injury.
Kehr's sign is a classic example of referred pain: irritation of the diaphragm is signaled by the phrenic nerve as pain in the area above the collarbone. This is because the supraclavicular nerves have the same cervical nerves origin as the phrenic nerve, C3, C4, and C5. [citation needed]
[13] [14] Referred pain is experienced most commonly radiating down the left arm however it can also radiate to the lower jaw, neck, back and epigastrium. Some patients, especially elderly and diabetics, may present with what is known as a painless myocardial infarction or a "silent heart attack". A painless MI can present with all of the ...
Typical locations for referred pain are arms (often inner left arm), shoulders, and neck into the jaw. Angina is typically precipitated by exertion or emotional stress. It is exacerbated by having a full stomach and by cold temperatures. Pain may be accompanied by breathlessness, sweating, and nausea in some cases.
In people who have arthritis, referred knee pain can often delay the diagnosis of a hip problem. An extreme but straightforward example of the referred pain concept is in the case of heart attacks ...
A common form of radiculitis is sciatica – radicular pain that radiates along the sciatic nerve from the lower spine to the lower back, gluteal muscles, back of the upper thigh, calf, and foot as often secondary to nerve root irritation from a spinal disc herniation or from osteophytes in the lumbar region of the spine.
Abdominal pain. Shortness of breath. Fatigue. Pressure or heaviness in your chest. Sweating. Nausea or vomiting. Dizziness. Pain caused by a heart attack usually persists for more than 20 minutes ...
Pain can be provoked by palpation of the facet joints, or the level can remain veiled, with only the referred pain as evidence of the defect. Usually unilateral, bilateral cases have been described as we present here. Patients will not have pain radiating below the knee, which is more typical of anterior ramus involvement.