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In mathematics, a monotonic function (or monotone function) is a function between ordered sets that preserves or reverses the given order. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This concept first arose in calculus , and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of order theory .
By definition, the map : is a relatively closed map if and only if the surjection: is a strongly closed map. If in the open set definition of " continuous map " (which is the statement: "every preimage of an open set is open"), both instances of the word "open" are replaced with "closed" then the statement of results ("every preimage of a ...
In the case of a completely monotonic function, the function and its derivatives must be alternately non-negative and non-positive in its domain of definition which would imply that function and its derivatives are alternately monotonically increasing and monotonically decreasing functions.
For instance, the function that maps a natural number to its successor is clearly monotone with respect to the natural order. Any function from a discrete order, i.e. from a set ordered by the identity order "=", is also monotone. Mapping each natural number to the corresponding real number gives an example for an order embedding.
The above definition is common in many applications today, and prominent in lattice and domain theory. However the original notion in Galois theory is slightly different. In this alternative definition, a Galois connection is a pair of antitone, i.e. order-reversing, functions F : A → B and G : B → A between two posets A and B, such that
The Milnor–Thurston kneading theory is a mathematical theory which analyzes the iterates of piecewise monotone mappings of an interval into itself. The emphasis is on understanding the properties of the mapping that are invariant under topological conjugacy.
In statistics and numerical analysis, isotonic regression or monotonic regression is the technique of fitting a free-form line to a sequence of observations such that the fitted line is non-decreasing (or non-increasing) everywhere, and lies as close to the observations as possible.
In functional analysis, a set-valued mapping : where X is a real Hilbert space is said to be strongly monotone if ∃ c > 0 s.t. u − v , x − y ≥ c ‖ x − y ‖ 2 ∀ x , y ∈ X , u ∈ A x , v ∈ A y . {\displaystyle \exists \,c>0{\mbox{ s.t. }}\langle u-v,x-y\rangle \geq c\|x-y\|^{2}\quad \forall x,y\in X,u\in Ax,v\in Ay.}