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The sentence can be given as a grammatical puzzle [7] [8] [9] or an item on a test, [1] [2] for which one must find the proper punctuation to give it meaning. Hans Reichenbach used a similar sentence ("John where Jack had...") in his 1947 book Elements of Symbolic Logic as an exercise for the reader, to illustrate the different levels of language, namely object language and metalanguage.
French expresses past counterfactual conditional sentences in exactly the same way as English does: the if clause uses the had + past participle form, while the then clause uses the would have + past participle form, where the equivalent of would have is the conditional of the auxiliary (avoir or être) used in all perfect constructions for the verb in question.
That used, the above examples can be written as such: If you were to have called me, I would have come. Would he have succeeded if I were to have helped him? The condition clause can undergo inversion, with omission of the conjunction: Had you called me, I would have come. / Were you to have called me, I would have come.
Many adverbs of frequency, degree, certainty, etc. (such as often, always, almost, probably, and various others such as just) tend to be placed before the verb (they usually have chips), although if there is an auxiliary or other "special verb" (see § Verbs above), then the normal position for such adverbs is after that special verb (or after ...
This can be read either as "Edwardum occidere nolite; timere bonum est" ("Do not kill Edward; it is good to be afraid [to do so]") or as "Edwardum occidere nolite timere; bonum est" ("Do not be afraid to kill Edward; [to do so] is good"). This ambiguous sentence has been much discussed by various writers, including John Harington. [35] [36]
It is expressed using a form of the auxiliary verb have (appropriately conjugated for tense etc.) together with the past participle of the main verb: She has eaten it; We had left; When will you have finished? Perfect forms can also be used to refer to states or habitual actions, even if not complete, if the focus is on the time period before ...
The verb have, which is pronounced with an /æ/ sound, has a contracted third person present indicative form: has /hæz/ (weak pronunciation /həz/). This is formed similarly to the verb's past tense had. The verb say displays vowel shortening in the third person present indicative (although the spelling is regular): says /sɛz/.
It has been so for centuries, and even the most conservative grammarians have followed this practice. [ 16 ] [c] Regarding the word "and", Fowler's Modern English Usage states, "There is a persistent belief that it is improper to begin a sentence with And , but this prohibition has been cheerfully ignored by standard authors from Anglo-Saxon ...