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American soldiers wearing M2 gas masks in a frontline trench (1919 postcard image) The M2 gas mask was a French-made gas mask used by French, British and American forces from April 1916 to August 1918 during World War I. [1] The M2 was fabricated in large quantities, with about 29,300,000 being made during the war. [2]
However, it was of fragile construction, required training to use effectively, and largely immobilized its wearers because they were concerned about the mask coming loose. [5] The Black Veil Respirator was soon replaced by the British Smoke Hood, an over the head canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, invented by Cluny MacPherson.
This primitive type of mask went through several stages of development before being superseded in 1916 by the canister gas mask. [12] More elaborate sorbent compounds were added later to further iterations of the helmet (P Helmet and PH helmet), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as phosgene, diphosgene and chloropicrin.
By late July 1915, 30 gas artillery batteries had been deployed to the German front lines, each equipped with several thousand gas shells. The use of gas was intended to dispose of the Russian garrison, which lacked adequate gas protection or masks. [2] The final assault plan called for multiple infantry units to advance after the gas had ...
Earlier versions of the gas mask prior to 1915s development of the small box respirator were crude and ineffective as no troops had yet experienced poison warfare. One of the first gas masks seen in the early part of the war was the British hypo helmet, after recent failure and ineffectiveness of the black veil respirator. The helmet was ...
Thanks to the efforts of his former Lt. Clifton Cates (who would eventually become Marine Corps Commandant) and comrades, one of whom was the man whose life his gas mask saved, Barak Mattingly, Gy. Sgt. Stockham was belatedly and posthumously authorized the Medal of Honor by a joint resolution that waived the statute of limitations, passed on ...
The Zelinsky-Kummant gas mask was the world's first gas mask [1] which had the ability to absorb a wide range of chemical warfare agents. The gas mask was developed in 1915 by Russian chemist Nikolay Zelinsky and technologist of the Triangle plant M.I. Kummant. [2] The design was later improved by I. D. Avalov and entered mass production.
James B. Garner at age 45 around the time he invented the gas mask. Two associates of James Bert Garner wearing his original gas masks. James Bert Garner (September 2, 1870 – November 28, 1960) was an American chemical engineer and professor at the Mellon Institute of Industrial Research from 1914 until his retirement in 1957.