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The main types of intertidal wetlands are mudflats (e.g., mangrove swamps) and salt marshes.The mangrove swamps are encountered along tropical shores and are characterized by tree vegetation, while salt marshes are mostly found in temperate zones and are mostly grass ecosystems.
Intertidal zone biomass reduces the risk of shoreline erosion from high intensity waves. [4] Typical inhabitants of the intertidal rocky shore include sea urchins , sea anemones , barnacles , chitons , crabs , isopods , mussels , starfish , and many marine gastropod molluscs such as limpets and whelks .
An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. [1] Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environments and are an example of an ecotone.
The ecology of the Low Salinity Zone of the San Francisco Estuary is difficult to characterize because it is the result of a complex synergy of both abiotic and biotic factors. In addition, it continues to undergo rapid change resulting from newly introduced species, direct anthropogenic influences and climate change .
A marine coastal ecosystem is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Worldwide there is about 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats extend to the margins of the continental shelves, occupying about 7 percent of the ocean surface area.
On October 20, 1997, the Jacques Cousteau National Estuarine Research Reserve (JC NERR) was dedicated in honor of Jacques-Yves Cousteau. [2] The JC NERR is one of 30 National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) created to promote responsible use and management of the estuaries in the United States. Estuaries, where the rivers meet the sea, are ...
The Harvey River discharges into the extreme southern end of the elongated Harvey Estuary, which has an area of about 56 to 61 km 2 (22 to 24 sq mi). [2] [3] This in turn feeds into the south-western corner of the more northerly Peel Inlet which is roughly circular and occupies an area of about 75 km 2 (29 sq mi).
John Hemsworth Osborne-Day (25 August 1909 – 24 April 1989 ) was a South African marine biologist and invertebrate zoologist who was born in Sussex and who died in Knysna. He is best known for his work on the taxonomy of Polychaeta and for his studies on the ecology of South African estuaries .