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The HACEK organisms (Haemophilus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella) are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly, prefer a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children. [5]
Rothia mucilaginosa is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, encapsulated, non-spore-forming and non-motile coccus, present in clusters, tetrads or pairs that is a part of the normal oropharyngeal flora. [3] Belonging to the family Micrococcaceae, it was first isolated from the mucous membrane of the cheek and gingiva. [4]
All of these organisms are part of the normal oropharyngeal flora, which grow slowly (up to 14 days), prefer a carbon dioxide–enriched atmosphere, and share an enhanced capacity to produce endocardial infections, especially in young children.
The dental plaque is made up of the microbial community that is adhered to the tooth surface; this plaque is also recognized as a biofilm.While it is said that this plaque is adhered to the tooth surface, the microbial community of the plaque is not directly in contact with the enamel of the tooth.
The predominant organisms are of oropharyngeal flora origin and include AGNB, Fusobacterium [17] and Peptostreptococcus spp. Anaerobes involve almost all dental infections. These include dental abscesses, [18] endodontal pulpitis and periodontal (gingivitis and periodontitis) infections, and perimandibular space infection.
The species and diversity of the microorganisms may be related to the various levels of hormones during pregnancy. Vaginal flora can be transmitted to babies during birth. Vaginal dysbiosis can lead to vaginal infections like bacterial vaginosis which makes one relatively susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases.
Fusobacterium necrophorum is a normal inhabitant of the oropharyngeal flora and can occasionally create a peritonsillar abscess. In one out of 400 untreated cases, Lemierre's syndrome occurs. [ 22 ]
Oxygen content is a major variable that can influence the type of microbial flora present in the oral cavity. This variable is slightly unique to the oral cavity due to its exposure to the outside of the host body. In ecology, niches are a set of conditions that can be associated with the presence of a certain organism. Thus, oxygen ...