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  2. Confirmation bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias

    For example, confirmation bias produces systematic errors in scientific research based on inductive reasoning (the gradual accumulation of supportive evidence). Similarly, a police detective may identify a suspect early in an investigation, but then may only seek confirming rather than disconfirming evidence.

  3. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, focus on and remember information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. [31] There are multiple other cognitive biases which involve or are types of confirmation bias: Backfire effect, a tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. [32]

  4. Selective exposure theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_exposure_theory

    Selective exposure has also been known and defined as "congeniality bias" or "confirmation bias" in various texts throughout the years. [1] According to the historical use of the term, people tend to select specific aspects of exposed information which they incorporate into their mindset.

  5. Bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias

    Implicit bias is an aspect of implicit social cognition: the phenomenon that perceptions, attitudes, and stereotypes operate without conscious intention. For example, researchers may have implicit bias when designing survey questions and as a result, the questions do not produce accurate results or fail to encourage survey participation. [124]

  6. Cognitive bias - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias

    This example demonstrates how a cognitive bias, typically seen as a hindrance, can enhance collective decision-making by encouraging a wider exploration of possibilities. [ 41 ] Cognitive biases are interlinked with collective illusions, a phenomenon where a group of people mistakenly believe that their views and preferences are shared by the ...

  7. Observer-expectancy effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer-expectancy_effect

    The classic example of experimenter bias is that of "Clever Hans", an Orlov Trotter horse claimed by his owner von Osten to be able to do arithmetic and other tasks. As a result of the large public interest in Clever Hans, philosopher and psychologist Carl Stumpf , along with his assistant Oskar Pfungst , investigated these claims.

  8. Frequency illusion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_illusion

    Confirmation bias is a cognitive bias that always interacts with frequency illusion. [2] This bias refers to the tendency of seeking evidence that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses, while sometimes overlooking evidence to the contrary. [8]

  9. Motivated reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivated_reasoning

    However, confirmation bias is mainly a sub-conscious (innate) cognitive bias. In contrast, motivated reasoning (motivational bias) is a sub-conscious or conscious process by which one's emotions control the evidence supported or dismissed. For confirmation bias, the evidence or arguments can be logical as well as emotional.