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To confirm if a woman has experienced PROM, a clinician must prove that the fluid leaking from the vagina is amniotic fluid, and that labor has not yet started. To do this, a careful medical history is taken, a gynecological exam is conducted using a sterile speculum, and an ultrasound of the uterus is performed. [9]
Chorionic hematoma is the pooling of blood (hematoma) between the chorion, a membrane surrounding the embryo, and the uterine wall. [2] It occurs in about 3.1% of all pregnancies, [2] it is the most common sonographic abnormality and the most common cause of first trimester bleeding. [3]
It is named for gynecologist Thomas Stephen Cullen (1869–1953), [1] who first described the sign in ruptured ectopic pregnancy in 1916. [2] This sign takes 24–48 hours to appear and can predict acute pancreatitis, with mortality rising from 8–10% to 40%. It may be accompanied by Grey Turner's sign [3] (bruising of the flank), which may ...
Nipple discharge is the third most common breast complaint by women, after breast pain and a breast lump. 10% of women can notice a nipple discharge when squeezing their breast and more than 50% of women can experience this using a breast pump. [4]
Neurology. A cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSF leak or CSFL) is a medical condition where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the brain and spinal cord leaks out of one or more holes or tears in the dura mater. [1] A CSF leak is classed as either spontaneous (primary), having no known cause (sCSF leak), or nonspontaneous (secondary) where ...
Ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus. [5] Signs and symptoms classically include abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding, but fewer than 50 percent of affected women have both of these symptoms. [1] The pain may be described as sharp, dull, or crampy. [1]
Oligohydramnios. Oligohydramnios is a medical condition in pregnancy characterized by a deficiency of amniotic fluid, the fluid that surrounds the fetus in the abdomen, in the amniotic sac. The limiting case is anhydramnios, where there is a complete absence of amniotic fluid. It is typically diagnosed by ultrasound when the amniotic fluid ...
Spina bifida can usually be detected during the second trimester of pregnancy by fetal ultrasound. [59] Increased levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) should be followed up by two tests – an ultrasound of the fetal spine and amniocentesis of the mother's amniotic fluid (to test for alpha-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase).