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the lower incomplete gamma function; the third angle in a triangle, opposite the side c; the Euler–Mascheroni constant in mathematics [18] gamma rays and the photon; the heat capacity ratio in thermodynamics; the Lorentz factor in special relativity [19] the flight path angle of an airplane
In mathematics, the beta function, also called the Euler integral of the first kind, is a special function that is closely related to the gamma function and to binomial coefficients. It is defined by the integral
The gamma function then is defined in the complex plane as the analytic continuation of this integral function: it is a meromorphic function which is holomorphic except at zero and the negative integers, where it has simple poles. The gamma function has no zeros, so the reciprocal gamma function 1 / Γ(z) is an entire function.
These identities are useful whenever expressions involving trigonometric functions need to be simplified. An important application is the integration of non-trigonometric functions: a common technique involves first using the substitution rule with a trigonometric function, and then simplifying the resulting integral with a trigonometric identity.
In probability theory and statistics, the inverse gamma distribution is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions on the positive real line, which is the distribution of the reciprocal of a variable distributed according to the gamma distribution.
Plot of the Jacobi polynomial function (,) with = and = and = in the complex plane from to + with colors created with Mathematica 13.1 function ComplexPlot3D In mathematics , Jacobi polynomials (occasionally called hypergeometric polynomials ) P n ( α , β ) ( x ) {\displaystyle P_{n}^{(\alpha ,\beta )}(x)} are a class of classical orthogonal ...
If vectors u and v have direction cosines (α u, β u, γ u) and (α v, β v, γ v) respectively, with an angle θ between them, their units vectors are ^ = + + (+ +) = + + ^ = + + (+ +) = + +. Taking the dot product of these two unit vectors yield, ^ ^ = + + = , where θ is the angle between the two unit vectors, and is also the angle between u and v.
In mathematics, the Mittag-Leffler functions are a family of special functions. They are complex-valued functions of a complex argument z , and moreover depend on one or two complex parameters. The one-parameter Mittag-Leffler function , introduced by Gösta Mittag-Leffler in 1903, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] can be defined by the Maclaurin series