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The Password Game went viral online soon after release. [20] After its first day of release, the tweet announcing the game was retweeted over 11,000 times, and according to the developer, the game's website received over one million visits. The tweet received multiple comments discussing numbers that people reached in the game. [3]
where Z is the atomic number, and α is the fine-structure constant, a measure of the strength of electromagnetic interactions. [96] Under this approximation, any element with an atomic number of greater than 137 would require 1s electrons to be traveling faster than c, the speed of light. Hence, the non-relativistic Bohr model is inaccurate ...
This is a list of chemical elements and their atomic properties, ordered by atomic number (Z). Since valence electrons are not clearly defined for the d-block and f-block elements, there not being a clear point at which further ionisation becomes unprofitable, a purely formal definition as number of electrons in the outermost shell has been used.
The uranium-235 nucleus can split in many ways, provided the atomic numbers add up to 92 and the mass numbers add up to 236 (uranium-235 plus the neutron that caused the split). The following equation shows one possible split, namely into strontium-95 (95 Sr), xenon-139 (139 Xe), and two neutrons (n), plus energy: [7]
For instance, the magic number 8 occurs when the 1s 1/2, 1p 3/2, 1p 1/2 energy levels are filled, as there is a large energy gap between the 1p 1/2 and the next highest 1d 5/2 energy levels. The atomic analog to nuclear magic numbers are those numbers of electrons leading to discontinuities in the ionization energy.
A related measure is the base-2 logarithm of the number of guesses needed to find the password with certainty, which is commonly referred to as the "bits of entropy". [9] A password with 42 bits of entropy would be as strong as a string of 42 bits chosen randomly, for example by a fair coin toss.
No elements with atomic numbers above 82 (after lead) have stable isotopes. [83] Nevertheless, because of reasons not yet well understood, there is a slight increase of nuclear stability around atomic numbers 110 – 114 , which leads to the appearance of what is known in nuclear physics as the " island of stability ".
One last possibility to synthesize isotopes near the island is to use controlled nuclear explosions to create a neutron flux high enough to bypass the gaps of instability at 258–260 Fm and at mass number 275 (atomic numbers 104 to 108), mimicking the r-process in which the actinides were first produced in nature and the gap of instability ...