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Coupling can be deliberate as part of the function of the circuit, or it may be undesirable, for instance due to coupling to stray fields. For example, energy is transferred from a power source to an electrical load by means of conductive coupling, which may be either resistive or direct coupling.
There are four basic coupling mechanisms: conductive, capacitive, magnetic or inductive, and radiative. Any coupling path can be broken down into one or more of these coupling mechanisms working together. Conductive coupling occurs when the coupling path between the source and victim is formed by direct electrical contact with a conducting body.
In electronics, direct coupling or DC coupling (also called conductive coupling [1] and galvanic coupling) is the transfer of electrical energy by means of physical contact via a conductive medium, in contrast to inductive coupling and capacitive coupling.
Coupling may be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional inductive coupling can cause signals from one circuit to be induced into a nearby circuit, this is called cross-talk, and is a form of electromagnetic interference. k is the coupling coefficient, Le1 and Le2 is the leakage inductance, M1 (M2) is the mutual inductance
A similar limitation applies for coupling factors looser than 10 dB; low coupling also requires narrow tracks. Coupled lines are a better choice when loose coupling is required, but branch-line couplers are good for tight coupling and can be used for 3 dB hybrids. Branch-line couplers usually do not have such a wide bandwidth as coupled lines.
In capacitive coupling (electrostatic induction), the conjugate of inductive coupling, energy is transmitted by electric fields [4] [13] [5] [7] between electrodes [6] such as metal plates. The transmitter and receiver electrodes form a capacitor, with the intervening space as the dielectric.
Capacitive coupling is the transfer of energy within an electrical network or between distant networks by means of displacement current between circuit(s) nodes, induced by the electric field. This coupling can have an intentional or accidental effect. Capacitive coupling from high-voltage power lines can light a lamp continuously at low intensity.
High voltage interface relays, a.k.a., interface relays: [1] [2] or coupling relays or insulating interfaces [3] [4] is a special class of electrical relays designed to provide informational and electrical compatibility between functional components isolated from each other and not allowing for a direct connection due to a high difference of potentials.