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In object-oriented programming, the command pattern is a behavioral design pattern in which an object is used to encapsulate all information needed to perform an action or trigger an event at a later time. This information includes the method name, the object that owns the method and values for the method parameters.
Process-oriented programming is a programming paradigm that separates the concerns of data structures and the concurrent processes that act upon them. The data structures in this case are typically persistent, complex, and large scale - the subject of general purpose applications, as opposed to specialized processing of specialized data sets seen in high productivity applications (HPC).
Shell programming Mandatory Evaluate arguments as an expression Version 7 AT&T UNIX false: Shell programming Mandatory Return false value Version 7 AT&T UNIX fc: Misc Optional (UP) Process the command history list fg: Process management Optional (UP) Run jobs in the foreground file: Filesystem Mandatory Determine file type Version 4 AT&T UNIX find
This is not implicit as it is in most other programming languages. Example: SEQ x := x + 1 y := x * x PAR begins a list of expressions that may be evaluated concurrently. Example: PAR p() q() ALT specifies a list of guarded commands. The guards are a combination of a Boolean condition and an input expression, both optional.
Each process takes input from the previous process and produces output for the next process via standard streams. Each | tells the shell to connect the standard output of the command on the left to the standard input of the command on the right by an inter-process communication mechanism called an (anonymous) pipe, implemented in the operating ...
Concurrent computations may be executed in parallel, [3] [6] for example, by assigning each process to a separate processor or processor core, or distributing a computation across a network. The exact timing of when tasks in a concurrent system are executed depends on the scheduling , and tasks need not always be executed concurrently.
process substitution and process redirection; C-language-like expressions; enhanced expression-oriented for and while loops; dynamic extensibility of (dynamically loaded) built-in commands (since ksh93) reference variables; hierarchically nested variables; variables can have member functions associated with them; object-oriented-programming ...
The fork–join model from the 1960s, embodied by multiprocessing tools like OpenMP, is an early example of a system ensuring all threads have completed before exit. However, Smith argues that this model is not true structured concurrency as the programming language is unaware of the joining behavior, and is thus unable to enforce safety.