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Construct validity concerns how well a set of indicators represent or reflect a concept that is not directly measurable. [1] [2] [3] Construct validation is the accumulation of evidence to support the interpretation of what a measure reflects.
The multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix is an approach to examining construct validity developed by Campbell and Fiske (1959). [1] It organizes convergent and discriminant validity evidence for comparison of how a measure relates to other measures.
In statistics, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a special form of factor analysis, most commonly used in social science research. [1] It is used to test whether measures of a construct are consistent with a researcher's understanding of the nature of that construct (or factor).
Validity is the main extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and likely corresponds accurately to the real world. [1] [2] The word "valid" is derived from the Latin validus, meaning strong.
Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire.Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets.
In probability theory and statistics, a normal distribution or Gaussian distribution is a type of continuous probability distribution for a real-valued random variable.The general form of its probability density function is [2] [3] = ().
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions. [1]
A journaling file system is a file system that keeps track of changes not yet committed to the file system's main part by recording the goal of such changes in a data structure known as a "journal", which is usually a circular log.