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Depending on the processes used in each instance, it is often referred to as ore dressing or ore milling. Beneficiation is any process that improves (benefits) the economic value of the ore by removing the gangue minerals , which results in a higher grade product ( ore concentrate ) and a waste stream ( tailings ).
The raw ore is usually ground finely in various comminution operations and gangue (waste) is removed, thus concentrating the metal component. [1] The concentrate is then transported to various physical or chemical processes called hydrometallurgy , pyrometallurgy smelters , and electrometallurgy where it is used to produce useful metals.
Extractive metallurgy is a branch of metallurgical engineering wherein process and methods of extraction of metals from their natural mineral deposits are studied. The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, washing, concentration, separation, chemical processes and extraction of pure metal and their alloying to suit various applications, sometimes for direct ...
Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals, typically including metals, concentrated above background levels, and that is economically viable to mine and process. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The grade of ore refers to the concentration of the desired material it contains.
The decreasing concentration of copper in ores now requires pre-treatment of ores. The average grade of copper ores in the 21st century is below 0.6% copper, with a proportion of economic ore minerals being less than 2% of the total volume of the ore rock. Thus, all mining operations, the ore must usually be beneficiated (concentrated).
The first reaction represents the chlorination of a sulfide ore involving an exothermic reaction. The second reaction involving an oxide ore is facilitated by addition of elemental sulfur. Carbonate ores react in a similar manner as the oxide ore, after decomposing to their oxide form at high temperatures. [6]
Hydrometallurgy involve the use of aqueous solutions for the recovery of metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials. [1] [2] Processing techniques that complement hydrometallurgy are pyrometallurgy, vapour metallurgy, and molten salt electrometallurgy. Hydrometallurgy is typically divided into three general areas:
Depending on the ore, it is sometimes further concentrated by froth flotation or by centrifugal (gravity) concentration. Water is added to produce a slurry or pulp. The basic ore slurry can be combined with a solution of sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide; many operations use calcium cyanide, which is more cost effective.
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