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Tyrosinase is a highly conserved protein in animals and apparently arose already in bacteria. The tyrosinase related protein (Tyrp1) and dopachrome tautomerase (Dtc), which encode for protein implicated in melanin synthesis which are the common regulatory elements of exon/intron structure.
Tyrp1 is a melanocyte-specific gene product involved in melanin synthesis within melanosomes. [7] Most Tyrp1 possess 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (melanogenic intermediate) oxidase activity. [8] The catalytic function of Tyrp1 in human melanocytes is less clear.
Melanosomes are dependent for their pigment on certain enzymes, especially tyrosinase, that synthesise the large polymers of melanin within the cell. Before it generates sufficient pigment to be seen on light microscopy it is known as a pre-melanosome.
Melanin is brown, non-refractile, and finely granular with individual granules having a diameter of less than 800 nanometers. This differentiates melanin from common blood breakdown pigments, which are larger, chunky, and refractile, and range in color from green to yellow or red-brown. In heavily pigmented lesions, dense aggregates of melanin ...
Vitiligo is a skin disease where people lack melanin in certain areas in the skin. People with oculocutaneous albinism typically have a very low level of melanin production. Albinism is often but not always related to the TYR gene coding the tyrosinase enzyme. Tyrosinase is required for melanocytes to produce melanin from the amino acid ...
In the context of skin, “kojic acid blocks the production of tyrosinase, which is critical for the formation of melanin, the pigment molecule in the skin,” says Carmen Castilla, M.D., a board ...
They also regulate melanin production and replication of melanocytes. [9] People have different skin colors mainly because their melanocytes produce different amount and kinds of melanin. The genetic mechanism behind human skin color is mainly regulated by the enzyme tyrosinase, which creates the color of the skin, eyes, and hair shades.
Several skin whitening agents, including tyrosinase inhibitors, have been found to cause an increase in the expression of tyrosinase, which by itself would increase melanin synthesis. [ 43 ] Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is the master transcription factor that controls the expression of TYR, TRP1, and TRP2, MART1 ...