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Examples of virulence factors for Staphylococcus aureus are hyaluronidase, protease, coagulase, lipases, deoxyribonucleases and enterotoxins. Examples for Streptococcus pyogenes are M protein , lipoteichoic acid , hyaluronic acid capsule, destructive enzymes (including streptokinase , streptodornase , and hyaluronidase ), and exotoxins ...
PRN is pertactin, a virulence factor of the bacterium that causes pertussis: pt. perstetur: continue pulv. pulvis: powder p.v., PV per vaginam: vaginally q quaque: every, per q.1 h, q.1° quaque 1 hora: every 1 hour (can replace 1 with other numbers) q4PM at 4:00 pm (can replace 4 with other numbers) mistaken to mean every 4 hours q.a.d. quaque ...
Capsules allow adhesion to surfaces and help enable the bacteria to evade the host immune system. [6] The water content in the capsule gives the protection against drying out. The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease (e.g. prevents phagocytosis).
Virulence is a pathogen's or microorganism's ability to cause damage to a host. In most cases, especially in animal systems, virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host. [1] The pathogenicity of an organism—its ability to cause disease—is determined by its virulence factors.
Polysaccharide capsule. N. meningitidis has a polysaccharide capsule that surrounds the outer membrane of the bacterium and protects against soluble immune effector mechanisms within the serum . It is considered to be an essential virulence factor for the bacteria. [ 5 ]
Rhodococcus equi virulence plasmid pathogenicity island encodes virulence factors for proliferation in macrophages. The SaPI family of Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity islands, mobile genetic elements, encode superantigens , including the gene for toxic shock syndrome toxin, and are mobilized at high frequencies by specific bacteriophages .
P. multocida expresses a range of virulence factors including a polysaccharide capsule and the variable carbohydrate surface molecule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The capsule has been shown in strains of serogroups A and B to help resist phagocytosis by host immune cells and capsule type A has also been shown to help resist complement-mediated lysis.
Bacterial adhesins are cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion or adherence to other cells or to surfaces, usually in the host they are infecting or living in. Adhesins are a type of virulence factor. Adherence is an essential step in bacterial pathogenesis or infection, required for colonizing a new host. [1]