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A pony bottle or pony cylinder is a small diving cylinder which is fitted with an independent regulator, and is usually carried by a scuba diver as an auxiliary scuba set.In an emergency, such as depletion of the diver's main air supply, it can be used as an alternative air source or bailout bottle to allow a normal ascent in place of a controlled emergency swimming ascent.
A diver with a RMV of 40 L/min at 50 msw (6 bar) for 10 minutes will consume 40 × 6 × 10 = 2400 litres of free air – the full capacity of a 12-litre 200 bar cylinder. Imperial examples: A diver with a SAC of 0.5 cfm (cubic feet per minute) at 100 fsw (4 ata) will consume 0.5 × 4 × 1 = 2 cfm surface equivalent.
The term cylinder in this context is sometimes confused with tank, the latter being an open-top or vented container that stores liquids under gravity, though the term scuba tank is commonly used to refer to a compressed gas cylinder used for breathing gas supply to an underwater breathing apparatus.
The remainder of nitrogen is not always specifically stated, and is assumed to be the balance. Examples: "Tx 20/40" (or Tx 20/40/40) would be a trimix blend with 20% oxygen, 40% helium and the remaining 40% nitrogen. This would be suitable for depths up to 60 metres (200 ft) if the partial pressure of oxygen is to be limited to 1.4 bar.
Specific volume is a property of materials, defined as the number of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram of a particular substance. The standard unit is the meter cubed per kilogram (m 3 /kg or m 3 ·kg −1). Sometimes specific volume is expressed in terms of the number of cubic centimeters occupied by one gram of a substance.
In an incident in 2006 at Texas A&M University, the pressure-relief devices of a tank of liquid nitrogen were sealed with brass plugs. As a result, the tank failed catastrophically and exploded. [3] Secondly, if a dewar is left open to the air for extended periods, atmospheric chemicals can condense or freeze on contact with the cryogenic material.
The pumping of the oxygen from the docked spacecraft tanks into Quest ' s high-pressure tank was accomplished by the Oxygen Recharge Compressor Assembly (ORCA). [ 12 ] After the retirement of the Space Shuttle fleet, the Nitrogen Oxygen Recharge System (NORS) and spacecraft from the Commercial Crew Development program will take over this task.
Bosch and PSA Peugeot Citroën have developed a hybrid system that uses hydraulics as a way to transfer energy to and from a compressed nitrogen tank. An up-to-45% reduction in fuel consumption is claimed, corresponding to 2.9 L / 100 km (81 mpg, 69 g CO 2 /km) on the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) for a compact frame like Peugeot 208 .