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The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
Standard solutions are generally prepared by dissolving a solute of known mass into a solvent to a precise volume, or by diluting a solution of known concentration with more solvent. [1] A standard solution ideally has a high degree of purity and is stable enough that the concentration can be accurately measured after a long shelf time. [2]
Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt in water.The salt is the solute and the water the solvent. In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes.
The assumption that solution properties are independent of nature of solute particles is exact only for ideal solutions, which are solutions that exhibit thermodynamic properties analogous to those of an ideal gas, and is approximate for dilute real solutions. In other words, colligative properties are a set of solution properties that can be ...
There are three common types of chemical reaction where normality is used as a measure of reactive species in solution: In acid-base chemistry, normality is used to express the concentration of hydronium ions (H 3 O +) or hydroxide ions (OH −) in a solution. Here, 1 / f eq is an integer value. Each solute can produce one or more ...
Bromine was discovered independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig [13] and Antoine Balard, [14] [15] in 1825 and 1826, respectively. [16] Löwig isolated bromine from a mineral water spring from his hometown Bad Kreuznach in 1825. Löwig used a solution of the mineral salt saturated with chlorine and extracted the bromine with diethyl ...
The Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM) is a committee which created and maintains two metrology guides: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) [55] and International vocabulary of metrology – basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM). [34] The JCGM is a collaboration of eight partner organisations ...