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The land bridge was completed 2.8 million years ago, when the Isthmus of Panama was formed, linking the two continents for the first time in tens of millions of years. The resulting Great American Interchange of animals and plants shaped the flora and fauna of the Central America bioregion. [2]
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Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half of the country's over 4 million inhabitants. [9] [10] Before the arrival of Spanish colonists in the 16th century, Panama was inhabited by a number of different indigenous tribes.
Coiba separated from continental Panama between 12,000 and 18,000 years ago when sea levels rose. Plants and animals on the new island became isolated from mainland populations and over the millennia most animals have diverged in appearance and behaviour from their mainland counterparts.
Over 300 species of the region's flora and fauna are threatened, 107 of which are classified as critically endangered. The underlying problems are deforestation , which is estimated by FAO at 1.2% per year in Central America and Mexico combined, fragmentation of rainforests and the fact that 80% of the vegetation in Central America has already ...
Mexican Flora and Fauna Protection Areas (Áreas de Protección de Flora y Fauna in Spanish) comprise 29 protected natural areas of Mexico administrated by the National Commission of Protected Natural Areas (Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, or CONANP), an agency of the federal government.
Darién National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Darién) is a World Heritage Site in Panama. It is about 325 kilometers (202 mi) from Panama City , is the most extensive of all national parks of Panama, and is one of the most important World Heritage Sites in Central America .
In other phytogeographic systems, Central America is a region of Northern America, with the bi-coastal Isthmus of Panama region a distribution ecotone of Northern and Southern America. Note that Mexico is not included in this region, but within Northern America under Flora of Northern America .