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Lithium is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. [5] It is distributed to the body with higher levels in the kidney, thyroid, and bone as compared to other tissues. Since lithium is almost exclusively excreted by the kidneys, people with preexisting chronic kidney disease are at high risk of developing lithium intoxication. [13]
The most obvious cause is a kidney or systemic disorder, including amyloidosis, [2] polycystic kidney disease, [3] electrolyte imbalance, [4] [5] or some other kidney defect. [2] The major causes of acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus that produce clinical symptoms (e.g., polyuria) in the adult are lithium toxicity and high blood calcium.
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications, on kidney function. [1] There are various forms, [2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity.
Continued use of lithium can lead to more serious kidney damage in an aggravated form of diabetes insipidus. [92] [93] In rare cases, some forms of lithium-caused kidney damage may be progressive and lead to end-stage kidney failure with a reported incidence of 0.2% to 0.7%. [94]
High dietary protein intake is not associated with kidney disease in healthy people. [321] While significantly increased protein intake in the short-term is associated with changes in renal function, there is no evidence to suggest this effect persists in the long-term and results in kidney damage or disease. [322]
Cats are carnivores. The kidney is a vital organ with a variety of tasks. It plays an important role in maintaining the water, electrolyte and acid-base balance, in the excretion of toxic metabolic degradation products such as urea and in the recovery of valuable substances such as glucose, amino acids, peptides and minerals initially filtered out of the blood during ultrafiltration in the ...
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Lithium can also be extracted from hard-rock deposits. These deposits are most commonly found in Australia , the world's largest producer of lithium, [ 5 ] through spodumene ores. Spodumene ores and other lithium-bearing hard-rock deposits are far less abundant throughout the world than continental brines. [ 6 ]