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Glycogenesis is the process of glycogen synthesis or the process of converting glucose into glycogen in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage. This process is activated during rest periods following the Cori cycle , in the liver , and also activated by insulin in response to high glucose levels .
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). [ 1 ]
Branched pathways are present in numerous metabolic reactions, including glycolysis, the synthesis of lysine, glutamine, and penicillin, [1] and in the production of the aromatic amino acids. [2] Simple Branch Pathway. , and are the reaction rates for each arm of the branch.
A metabolic network is the complete set of metabolic and physical processes that determine the physiological and biochemical properties of a cell.As such, these networks comprise the chemical reactions of metabolism, the metabolic pathways, as well as the regulatory interactions that guide these reactions.
For example, one pathway may be responsible for the synthesis of a particular amino acid, but the breakdown of that amino acid may occur via a separate and distinct pathway. One example of an exception to this "rule" is the metabolism of glucose. Glycolysis results in the breakdown of glucose, but several reactions in the glycolysis pathway are ...
The gluconeogenesis pathway is highly endergonic until it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP or guanosine triphosphate (GTP), effectively making the process exergonic. For example, the pathway leading from pyruvate to glucose-6-phosphate requires 4 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of GTP to proceed spontaneously.
The catalytic site is found on the lumenal face of the membrane, and removes the phosphate group from glucose 6-phosphate produced during glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis. Free glucose is transported out of the endoplasmic reticulum via GLUT7 and released into the bloodstream via GLUT2 for uptake by other cells.
Most enzymes of glycolysis also participate in gluconeogenesis, as it is mostly the reverse metabolic pathway of glycolysis; a deficiency of these liver enzymes will therefore impact both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. (Note: gluconeogenesis is taking place only in the liver and not in other cells like e.g. muscle cells.)