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A bumper that protects vehicle components from damage at 5 miles per hour must be four times as tough as a bumper that protects at 2.5 miles per hour, with the collision energy dissipation concentrated at the extreme front and rear of the vehicle. Small increases in bumper protection can lead to weight gain and loss of fuel efficiency.
Driver Monitoring System was introduced on the Lexus LS. The rear-end pre-collision system includes a rearward-facing millimeter-wave radar mounted in the rear bumper. [56] The system adjusts the active head restraints by moving them upward and forward to reduce the risk of whiplash injuries if an imminent rear collision is detected. [57]
The initial bumper regulations were intended to prevent functional damage to a vehicle's safety-related components such as lights and fuel system components when subjected to barrier crash tests at 5 miles per hour (8 km/h) at the front and 2.5 mph (4 km/h) at the rear. [31]
A bullbar on a Land Rover Discovery fitted with spotlights and a sand flag. Push bar of a police car in Abu Dhabi, used to move stranded vehicles out of the way. A bullbar or push bumper (also kangaroo bar, roo bar, winch bar or nudge bar in Australia, livestock stop [NB 1] or kangaroo device in Russia, and push bar, ram bar, brush guard, grille guard, cactus pusher, rammer, PIT bar, PIT ...
A crash test illustrates how a crumple zone absorbs energy from an impact. Road Maintenance Truck Impact Attenuator, Auckland, New Zealand Extent of the crumple zones (blue) and the driver's safety cell (red) of an E217 series train The crumple zone on the front of these cars absorbed the impact of an offset head-on collision.
Collisions at junctions, including rear-end collision and angle or side impacts; Collisions involving pedestrians and cyclists; Collisions with animals; Collisions with buildings; Other types of collision may occur. Rollovers are not very common, but lead to greater rates of severe injury and death. Some of these are secondary events that occur ...