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Let C be a category with finite products and a terminal object 1. A list object over an object A of C is: an object L A, a morphism o A : 1 → L A, and; a morphism s A : A × L A → L A; such that for any object B of C with maps b : 1 → B and t : A × B → B, there exists a unique f : L A → B such that the following diagram commutes:
A modern dialect of APL, enhanced with features for functional and object-oriented programming. Euler Math Toolbox: René Grothmann 1987 1988 2022-02-10 10 February 2022: Free GPL: Also a computer algebra system through interface with Maxima: Fityk: Marcin Wojdyr 2002 1.3.1 19 December 2016: $115 (1.x binaries), Free (source code and 0.x ...
ggplot2 is an open-source data visualization package for the statistical programming language R.Created by Hadley Wickham in 2005, ggplot2 is an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics—a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graphs into semantic components such as scales and layers. ggplot2 can serve as a replacement for the base graphics in R and contains a ...
Any non-linear differentiable function, (,), of two variables, and , can be expanded as + +. If we take the variance on both sides and use the formula [11] for the variance of a linear combination of variables (+) = + + (,), then we obtain | | + | | +, where is the standard deviation of the function , is the standard deviation of , is the standard deviation of and = is the ...
Matplotlib (portmanteau of MATLAB, plot, and library [3]) is a plotting library for the Python programming language and its numerical mathematics extension NumPy.It provides an object-oriented API for embedding plots into applications using general-purpose GUI toolkits like Tkinter, wxPython, Qt, or GTK.
Heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors that differ from classical standard errors may indicate model misspecification. Substituting heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors does not resolve this misspecification, which may lead to bias in the coefficients. In most situations, the problem should be found and fixed. [5]
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Initially, objects are allocated in "to space" until it becomes full and a collection cycle is triggered. At the start of the cycle, the "to space" becomes the "from space", and vice versa. The objects reachable from the root set are copied from the "from space" to the "to space".