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Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), also known as plastid DNA (ptDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid , contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus .
Over 300 enzymes require the presence of magnesium ions for their catalytic action, including all enzymes utilizing or synthesizing ATP, or those that use other nucleotides to synthesize DNA and RNA. [6] In plants, magnesium is necessary for synthesis of chlorophyll and photosynthesis. [citation needed]
Chloroplast DNA Interactive gene map of chloroplast DNA from ... Protein synthesis within chloroplasts relies on two RNA ... Chlorophyll a is a blue-green ...
By 1960, when most of the stereochemistry of chlorophyll a was known, Robert Burns Woodward published a total synthesis of the molecule. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] In 1967, the last remaining stereochemical elucidation was completed by Ian Fleming , [ 11 ] and in 1990 Woodward and co-authors published an updated synthesis. [ 12 ]
Chlorophyll a, b, and d. Chlorophyll synthase [14] completes the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a by catalysing the reaction EC 2.5.1.62. chlorophyllide a + phytyl diphosphate chlorophyll a + diphosphate. This forms an ester of the carboxylic acid group in chlorophyllide a with the 20-carbon diterpene alcohol phytol.
Plastid DNA exists as protein-DNA complexes associated as localized regions within the plastid's inner envelope membrane; and these complexes are called 'plastid nucleoids'. Unlike the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a plastid nucleoid is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. The region of each nucleoid may contain more than 10 copies of the ...
In addition, this creates a proton gradient (energy gradient) across the chloroplast membrane, which is used by ATP synthase in the synthesis of ATP. The chlorophyll molecule ultimately regains the electron it lost when a water molecule is split in a process called photolysis , which releases oxygen .
DNA synthesis is the natural or artificial creation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. DNA is a macromolecule made up of nucleotide units, which are linked by covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds, in a repeating structure.