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The creation of massing, and changes to it, may be additive (accumulating or repeating masses) or subtractive (creating spaces or voids in a mass by removing parts of it). [4] Massing can also be significantly altered by the materials used for the building's exterior, as transparent, reflective, or layered materials are perceived differently.
For elements in traction, a reduction of 25% in the working stress or an increase of 25% in the volume is therefore also necessary in the majority of cases. Determining the volume and the displacement of a structure using the indicators W and Δ is therefore reliable theoretically, providing that: the working stress is reduced by at least 25% ;
Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume: [1] =, where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume , [ 2 ] although this is scientifically inaccurate – this quantity is more ...
The term "International Style" was first used in 1932 by the historian Henry-Russell Hitchcock and architect Philip Johnson to describe a movement among European architects in the 1920s that was distinguished by three key design principles: (1) "Architecture as volume – thin planes or surfaces create the building’s form, as opposed to a solid mass"; (2) "Regularity in the facade, as ...
The surface-area-to-volume ratio has physical dimension inverse length (L −1) and is therefore expressed in units of inverse metre (m −1) or its prefixed unit multiples and submultiples. As an example, a cube with sides of length 1 cm will have a surface area of 6 cm 2 and a volume of 1 cm 3. The surface to volume ratio for this cube is thus
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It is a mass-specific intrinsic property of the substance. It is the reciprocal of density ρ and it is also related to the molar volume and molar mass: = = ~ The standard unit of specific volume is cubic meters per kilogram (m 3 /kg), but other units include ft 3 /lb, ft 3 /slug, or mL/g. [1]
Architecture can mean: A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. [9] The art and science of designing buildings and (some) nonbuilding structures; [9] sometimes called "architectonics" [10] The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. [9] A unifying or coherent form or ...