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  2. Vertical and horizontal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_and_horizontal

    The word horizontal is derived from the Latin horizon, which derives from the Greek ὁρῐ́ζων, meaning 'separating' or 'marking a boundary'. [2] The word vertical is derived from the late Latin verticalis, which is from the same root as vertex, meaning 'highest point' or more literally the 'turning point' such as in a whirlpool.

  3. Horizontal and vertical (disambiguation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical...

    Horizontal and vertical commonly refers a concept about orientation in mathematics, geography, physics and other sciences, with the vertical typically being defined by the direction of gravity, and with the horizontal being perpendicular to the vertical. Horizontal and vertical may also refer to:

  4. Horizontal and vertical market - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_market

    A vertical market is a market in which vendors offer goods and services specific to an industry, trade, profession, or other group of customers with specialized needs. A horizontal market is a market in which a product or service meets the needs of a wide range of buyers across different sectors of an economy .

  5. Product differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_differentiation

    Horizontal differentiation occurs with the location of bank's branch. Vertical differentiation, in this example, occurs whenever one bank offers remote access and the other does not. With remote access, it can spur a negative interaction between transportation rate and taste for quality: customers who have higher taste for remote access face a ...

  6. Horizontal integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

    Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions .

  7. Vertical and horizontal bundles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_and_horizontal...

    Vertical and horizontal subspaces for the Möbius strip. The Möbius strip is a line bundle over the circle, and the circle can be pictured as the middle ring of the strip. At each point e {\displaystyle e} on the strip, the projection map projects it towards the middle ring, and the fiber is perpendicular to the middle ring.

  8. Vertical integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration

    Vertical integration is often closely associated with vertical expansion which, in economics, is the growth of a business enterprise through the acquisition of companies that produce the intermediate goods needed by the business or help market and distribute its product.

  9. Grade (slope) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

    For example, "slopes are expressed as ratios such as 4:1. This means that for every 4 units (feet or metres) of horizontal distance there is a 1 unit (foot or metre) vertical change either up or down." [3] Any of these may be used.