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The phenomenon is also known as the above-average effect, the superiority bias, the leniency error, the sense of relative superiority, the primus inter pares effect, [1] and the Lake Wobegon effect, named after the fictional town where all the children are above average. [2]
In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many types of memory bias, including:
The Cognitive Bias Codex. A cognitive bias is a systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment. [1] [2] Individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input. An individual's construction of reality, not the objective input, may dictate their behavior in the world.
Recency bias is a cognitive bias that favors recent events over historic ones; a memory bias. Recency bias gives "greater importance to the most recent event", [1] such as the final lawyer's closing argument a jury hears before being dismissed to deliberate. Recency bias should not be confused with anchoring or confirmation bias.
The halo effect is a perception distortion (or cognitive bias) that affects the way people interpret the information about someone with whom they have formed a positive gestalt. [11] An example of the halo effect is when a person finds out someone they have formed a positive gestalt with has cheated on their taxes.
The use of multisource feedback – incorporating evaluations from peers, subordinates, and customers to provide a holistic view – over traditional supervisory ratings may assist to improve rating accuracy by reducing leniency bias and centrality bias [23] where raters may give overly positive evaluations or avoid extreme ratings, respectively.
Media bias is the bias or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of events, the stories that are reported, and how they are covered. The term generally implies a pervasive or widespread bias violating the standards of journalism , rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article ...
Social desirability bias is a type of response bias that influences a participant to deny undesirable traits, and ascribe to themselves traits that are socially desirable. [2] In essence, it is a bias that drives an individual to answer in a way that makes them look more favorable to the experimenter. [1] [2] This bias can take many forms.