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To exclude sarcoidosis in a case presenting with pulmonary symptoms might involve a chest radiograph, CT scan of chest, PET scan, CT-guided biopsy, mediastinoscopy, open lung biopsy, bronchoscopy with biopsy, endobronchial ultrasound, and endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration of mediastinal lymph nodes (EBUS FNA).
Löfgren syndrome is a type of acute sarcoidosis, [1] an inflammatory disorder characterized by swollen lymph nodes in the chest, tender red nodules on the shins, fever and arthritis. [2] It is more common in women than men, and is more frequent in those of Scandinavian, Irish, African and Puerto Rican heritage.
Pulmonary fibrosis is a condition in which the lungs become scarred over time. [1] Symptoms include shortness of breath, a dry cough, feeling tired, weight loss, and nail clubbing. [1] Complications may include pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, pneumothorax, and lung cancer. [2]
Other symptoms due to sarcoidosis of other organs may be uveitis (inflammation of the uveal layer in the eye), dyspnoea (shortness of breath), arthralgia (joint pains), lupus pernio (a red skin rash, usually of the face), erythema nodosum (red skin lumps, usually on the shins), and symptoms of liver involvement or heart involvement (heart failure).
Conglomerate masses can also develop in sarcoidosis, [5] but usually near the hilae and with surrounding paracicatricial emphysema. The disease arises firstly through the deposition of silica or coal dust (or other dust) within the lung , and then through the body's immunological reactions to the dust.
Sarcoidosis, other interstitial lung diseases, hypersensitivity pneumonitis [4] ... In many people, symptoms are present for a considerable time before diagnosis. [8]
Appearance of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) in a surgical lung biopsy at low magnification. The tissue is stained with hematoxylin (purple dye) and eosin (pink dye) to make it visible. The pink areas in this picture represent lung fibrosis (collagen stains pink). Note the "patchwork" (quilt-like) pattern of the fibrosis.
CT scan of the chest showing bilateral lymphadenopathy in the mediastinum due to sarcoidosis. Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy is a bilateral enlargement of the lymph nodes of pulmonary hila. It is a radiographic term for the enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes and is most commonly identified by a chest x-ray.