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  2. Mantle plume - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_plume

    However, paleomagnetic data show that mantle plumes can also be associated with Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) [7] [8] and do move relative to each other. [9] The current mantle plume theory is that material and energy from Earth's interior are exchanged with the surface crust in two distinct and largely independent convective flows:

  3. Earth's mantle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_mantle

    The volcanism often attributed to deep mantle plumes is alternatively explained by passive extension of the crust, permitting magma to leak to the surface: the plate hypothesis. [24] The convection of the Earth's mantle is a chaotic process (in the sense of fluid dynamics), which is

  4. Hotspot (geology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)

    A hotspot's position on the Earth's surface is independent of tectonic plate boundaries, and so hotspots may create a chain of volcanoes as the plates move above them. There are two hypotheses that attempt to explain their origins. One suggests that hotspots are due to mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core–mantle boundary. [2]

  5. Large igneous province - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_igneous_province

    The convective circulation drives up-wellings and down-wellings in Earth's mantle that are reflected in local surface levels. Hot mantle materials rising up in a plume can spread out radially beneath the tectonic plate causing regions of uplift. [13] These ascending plumes play an important role in LIP formation.

  6. Intraplate volcanism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraplate_volcanism

    Mantle plumes were first proposed by J. Tuzo Wilson in 1963 [4] [non-primary source needed] and further developed by W. Jason Morgan in 1971. A mantle plume is posited to exist where hot rock nucleates [clarification needed] at the core-mantle boundary and rises through the Earth's mantle becoming a diapir in the Earth's crust. [5]

  7. Large low-shear-velocity provinces - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_low-shear-velocity...

    Another proposed origin for the LLSVPs is that their formation is related to the giant-impact hypothesis, which states that the Moon formed after the Earth collided with a planet-sized body called Theia. [15] The hypothesis suggests that the LLSVPs may represent fragments of Theia's mantle which sank through to Earth's core-mantle boundary. [15]

  8. Earth's crustal evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_crustal_evolution

    The formation and development of plumes in the early mantle contributed to triggering the lateral movement of crust across the Earth's surface. [18] The effect of upwelling mantle plumes on the lithosphere can be seen today through local depressions around hotspots such as Hawaii. The scale of this impact is much less than that exhibited in the ...

  9. Flood basalt - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_basalt

    This is widely believed to have been supplied by a mantle plume impinging on the base of the Earth's lithosphere, its rigid outermost shell. [29] [30] [15] The plume consists of unusually hot mantle rock of the asthenosphere, the ductile layer just below the lithosphere, that creeps upwards from deeper in the Earth's interior. [31]